Sergio Abranches

The uprisings in North Africa and the Middle East are unprecedented in many ways. There are no sufficiently comparable historical cases to help explaining them. They show a degree of spontaneous mobilization that can seldom be detected in social movements and political rebellions. Often political movements are characterized by high levels of militancy and the mediation of political organizations such as political parties and unions. Instead of a well defined political agenda, they have a clear, yet loosely articulated, set of primary demands: freedom; respect for human rights; jobs; income.These uprisings have no resemblance to national liberation movements (no foreign occupation), nor to the movements to establish conventional democratic governance in countries under authoritarian regimes, in the 1970‘s and 1980‘s, especially in South America. The re-democratization of South American countries then under military rule, was clearly organized around political parties and unions. The protesters don’t seem to have a common and clear notion about the kind of democratic governance they’re looking for. They want the new government to be honest, effective and non-repressive. This is not necessarily the same as demanding a conventional democratic regime.

The way a surge of student and youth protest turns into a mass movement strongly suggests a new form of social contagion.  Students and young people go to the streets to shout their discontent, they gain adherents continuously, the crowd on the streets starts to grow exponentially, and it turns into a mass movement in a matter of days. What leads the new waves of people to join the first-comers to the street protests? Contagion, through virtual connection at first, then reinforced by physical and emotional contact when they get together on the squares.

Social contagion is no knew phenomenon to sociologists. It started to be studied at the end of the 19^th century. The pioneer studies were Mark Baldwin’s on imitation; Gustave Lebon’s on the behavior of crowds; and  the very important work by Gabriel Tarde on public opinion. Tarde established communication as a central element in the formation of social movements. In his seminal “L’Opinion et la Foule”, (Opinion and the Crowd), Tarde differentiated opinion – a collective outcome – from individual perception. The major source of opinion formation was what he called “conversation”, exchange of information. He foresaw the media as the main vehicle for information diffusion, as the means for this conversation. Opinion was more than the sum of individual standpoints: it was a consciously shared view.

How do a mass movement emerge from contagion? There are several ways for contagion to lead to crowd formation. But what has happened in Tunisia, Egypt, Libya, and has been spreading to several other countries in the region has some quite distinctive elements when compared to those already identified by the conventional theories of social contagion. Anyway, no available explanation covers the whole process we are witnessing through the social media and the global TV and radio networks. This is a very complex social process. We might even been looking at a case of social emergence.

Contagion requires at least four basic elements to happen: people, context (environment), a contagious idea or sentiment – a “viral” element, or a meme – and contact. It begins with a group of pioneers displaying some unexpected behavior that expresses a viral idea or feeling. Contagion will happen and lead to exponential growth towards a mass movement if new groups make contact with the pioneers, and this enlarged group encounters new people they can “infect” with their ideas, and so on. For contagion to continue spreading, new groups of people need to be ‘touched‘ by those already mobilized (contaminated by the idea or feelings) continuously. Most of the social contagion theories claim that contagion could only take place through physical contact. What we’ve seen in these uprisings was that contagion could begin through virtual contact, the viral element can reach people through the virtual flow of information. The movement is sustained over time by reinforcement mechanisms that keep the people intoxicated by the viral emotions of the crowd.

Pioneer groups emerge and develop a “contagious potential” within certain contexts, a propitiating environment. In the case of these uprisings the environment of rage and frustration was clear: high youth unemployment, extreme income and wealth inequality, brutal oppression.

Social networks of the physical kind, before the emergence of digital networking, have long been considered by sociologists as the most efficient form of contact to enable contagion.

Evidence of this role of social networks has been found far before the Internet, digital social networks and social media. The historic episode that inspired Martin Scorsese’s Gangs of New York, was the object of economic and sociological investigation as an instance of social networking leading to extreme spontaneous collective action in mid 19^th century. A network had been built by Irish migrants coming to New York from the same small region of Ireland. A community so closed that the young men would ask relatives back at home to choose their future wives among girls from the city they’d left. Communication was intense, face to face, by word of mouth. In a context where a viral feeling could spread, in this case panic, there was a run on the two banks concentrating the cash deposits and savings of the Irish community. By the same token, resentment and prejudice could lead to rage and trigger gang wars.

Today, social networks and digital media, mobile technologies – videos, photos and SMS – global TV (CNN, Al Jazeera), and radio networks  accessible in English all over the world, on real time, through cable, the Web or satellite, have replaced word of mouth communication, and face to face contact. This virtual contact through information distribution and sharing would be enough, in the proper context, to take more people to the streets, where they’d get in touch with protesters and the final stage of contagion would take place.

Images and messages showing an increasing number of people on the streets would give a greater sense of safety to others and finally convince them to go out to express their own indignation. The mass of protesters would, then, expand by waves, through this flow that starts with virtual communication and ends on physical contact when newcomers to the streets get themselves mixed into the crowd. Contagion would spread and speed up through the virtual and mobile media. Virtual contact predisposes an increasing number of people to go to the streets and expose themselves to the physical contagion of the emotional mass of their fellow citizens.

It is possible to observe this new form of two-step contagion, where the virtual sphere creates the propensity to join the group outside in the physical world. It is contagion through identification with the strong emotional drive of the people on the streets. This identification lowers all barriers preventing people to join the protests, and they adhere to the movement, spontaneously, voluntarily.

When youngsters convince their parents to go to the streets with them, a new chain of identities is formed, allowing contagion across generations.  On CNN, an Egyptian mother said her generation had failed because they did not confront Mubarak’s dictatorship. Her son’s generation was doing the right thing, she said, and she felt compelled to go to the streets with them. When images of more mature people out on the streets start to show on the screens of Al Jazeera and CNN, on photos sent through SMS or posted on Flickr and similar social networks, other mature people are encouraged to join.

The same happened with women in general, and muslim women in particular. The first images of the manifestations were mostly of young males. After a few days, young females started to show. Mostly wearing western clothes. After some time muslim females wearing chador started to show. The crowd became progressively more diverse by age, gender, and creed.

The final images of the crowd on Tahrir square portrayed very clearly how contagion had cut across age, gender and religion.

Often the exposure to the viral feelings through the social media would be enough for contagion to happen. Social transmission of the “virus”, or “meme”, is clearly possible to occur through virtual media. That’s why the contention that Twitter and other social media would not lead revolutions is pointless. Of course not. But they certainly are a new and powerful infrastructure that expands and accelerates the spread of contagious ideas, attitudes and beliefs. Information flows through them beyond borders and hardly any barrier resists long enough to prevent news to reach almost everybody, everywhere.

The cost of closing the Net is immense. In Egypt it led to economic collapse. Logistics today is strongly dependent on the Web. It took Egyptian banks almost a week to recover and reorganize their data, interrupted by the Internet blackout, to be able to return to normal operations. The stock-exchange could not be reopened immediately also because of data loss during the blackout. Trade contracts could not be closed. Cargo shipments were delayed.

Social media are undoubtedly a powerful tool for spontaneous mobilization and acceleration of contagion. They give speed to the development of the social movement that today evolves faster than ever from a relatively small group protest to a mass uprising. They also allow, for the first time in history, the real time creation of a global safety net that, although unable to prevent all violence against protesters, exponentially increases the risk of sanctions and even intervention from foreign governments to stop bloodshed. Social media have become an essential element of the global “conversation”, allowing for fast dissemination of information, creating channels of virtual social contagion, and generating relevant global pressure against oppressors.

This global reach of the virtual conversation makes it much easier for contagion to move beyond borders. This is also a new phenomenon. There are historical examples of rebellion to cross the borders of neighboring countries, but never at the speed, nor to the extent we’ve seen happening from Tunisia to Bahrein. Besides, Tunisia, Yemen, Libya, Jordan, Morocco, and Bahrein are very different from each other in terms of size of population, structure of the economy, religious and ethnical composition. What they have in common is the context of oppression, frustration, and disheartenment. Irrespectively of their economic structure, they have high unemployment levels, especially among the youth, and extreme inequalities. In spite of the economic disparities, the educational level of the youth generation is higher, they are far better informed, and a significant portion has access to the Web, social media, social networks, and the global TV and radio networks. Context and media.

The fact that these mass manifestations are highly spontaneous and develop through contagion characterizes them as social, rather than political movements. It is true that their primary aim is to topple corrupt, oppressive, inefficient governments, but they are not moved by political motivations such as the desire for power, or to put a specific a group or party in power. They are not politically structured. They are not led by political organizations, such as parties or unions. Their agenda is both compact and generic. They want some non-tyrannical government to create opportunities for their social improvement. They cry for freedom, jobs, and income. They want to participate, to have a say on what happens to their lives and their nations. The future, after they win, is fully open. Who will lead them ahead is not clear, nor democracy is guaranteed.

Wandering across the corridors formed by the long tables in the Bella Center’s Media Center, I could see that most of the journalists there were using Twitter.

Sergio Abranches

If 2009 was the Year  of Twitter, it was also the year Twitter has become a solid journalistic tool to cover climate change, and a widely used resource for climate change advocacy and militancy, pro and con.

As Alfred Hermida observes (@Hermida)

there has been a rapid uptake of Twitter by journalists, provoking somewhat of a Twitter frenzy in some quarters of the media.

He also notes that

Twitter has been quickly adopted in newsrooms as a mechanism to distribute breaking news quickly and concisely or as a tool to solicit story ideas, sources and facts.

I saw that happen in the Media Center. Tweets were used to break news everyone knew would become updated in a matter of hours, if not minutes; to socialize sites and Twitter accounts that were good sources of info; to opine about events; to comment on the experience and ambience of COP15 coverage. It as like a TwitterBabel, a multi-language ongoing dialogue and information sharing experience.

French president Nicolas Sarkozy spread his own impressions, infos, and ideas through a Twitter account specifically setup for COP15: @ElyseeCop15. UK Prime minister Gordon Brown used the regular @10DowningStreet account to tell about his impressions. They both became very useful sources.

A typical tweet representing Sarkozy’s views would be

PR : “les difficultés de cette conférence, c’est la preuve d’un système onusien à bout de souffle”, about 13 hours ago from Seesmic. (“The difficulties of this Conference are proof that the UN system is exhausted”.)

A typical tweet reflecting Gordon Browns’s views would be

PM: Negotiations fraught, but determined to get this done. Leaders must put cards on table. 8:12 AM Dec 17th from web

When I look back at the hectic days in the Media Center, during COP15, one of the sharpest images I get is of thousands of journalists frantically looking for information, checking and verifying what they get by all means possible, a large number compelled to report real time.

The intermediation of Twitter turned this rather common situation, into one which best expresses the new emerging forms of what Hermida has called ambient journalism.

(A)mbient journalism – an awareness system that offers diverse means to collect, communicate, share and display news and information, serving diverse purposes. The system is always-on but also works on different levels of engagement in terms of awareness.

COP15 was the first COP in which Twitter was an integral part of media coverage. I guess it was also the height of blog climate journalism. I can’t show any evidence of that, but I can tell about my own experience: I got info from more blogs than online conventional news sites, except for Reuters and The Guardian. Sure, I’m counting blogs hosted by newspapers sites, such as @Revkin’s Dot Earth, or The Guardian’s Environment Blog .

Twitter was also a crucial resource for climate policy advocates, militants, and NGO’s. They served advocacy or militant purposes, but they were also good sources of information. I found Adopt a Negotiator’s use of blogging, facebooking and tweeting particularly interesting. It was probably educational to the participants, and was also a source for journos.

Twitter is today the single most important source for information about climate militants still detained by the Danish police.

And Twitter has become an unavoidable tool for research and journalism.

In fact, Twitter can be a serious aid in reporting. It can be a living, breathing tip sheet for facts, new sources and story ideas. It can provide instantaneous access to hard-to-reach newsmakers, given that there’s no PR person standing between a reporter and a tweet to a government official or corporate executive. It can also be a blunt instrument for crowdsourcing. (Paul Farhi – The Twitter Explosion, AJR)

Hashtags were widely used, but the dominant ones became #COP15, #Copenhagen, and #climate.

Hashtags are just one of the tools that bring coherence to what can seem like Twitter’s tower of Babel. (Paul Farhi – The Twitter Explosion, AJR)

The flow of tweets under #COP15 continues unabated and remains as a good source for journos, policy advocates and militants. The number of silly tweets has increased, it is true, but the meaningful and interesting outnumber the useless. My guess is that #COP15 will continue full of life and content until it transforms itself seamlessly into #COP16.

There are several interfaces between journalists, climate policy advocates and green militants. One of them is certainly Twitter. While policy advocates and militants can be sources for journalists, they are also among the most frequent visitors of news site and news blogs, looking for aggregate information and analytical opinion.

All of which means that Twitter attracts the sort of people that media people should love — those who are interested in, and engaged with, the news. (Paul Farhi – The Twitter Explosion, AJR)

Those who are still debating whether Twitter will replace blogs or other social networking resources, even some news sites, are missing the point. What we are looking at is a closer integration among them all. Each performing the function it is best suited to perform.

The change that made me see real value in Twitter came about a year ago, when the people I had learnt to know and appreciate from their writings in blogs started to have conversations on Twitter. At that time, I had been a frequent blogger for a couple of years and had been conversating with other bloggers via my own blog and via the comments on their blogs. Gradually I noticed that the conversations which previously were held on blogs and blog comments were moving to Twitter. So I started following the people whose blogs I subscribed to on Twitter. I hadn’t search for them before on Twitter, but now most of them exposed their Twitter name on their blogs. (Oscar Berg – “Why 2009 was the Year of Twitter”, The Content Economy)

For some purposes, Twitter works better than RSS Feeds. As blogger Oscar Berg says, blogs are personal, while Twitter is  collective platform, a sort of commons. Twitter, blogs, and social networking will be central to the continuation of the processes of aggregation, segmentation and specialization in the Websphere as well as in the media world.

Where no other resource still competes with Twitter is on what Cloud9Media has aptly called Realtime Magic. Be it real time search, or breaking real time news, or getting real time reactions or fulfilling any other real time info or social communication need one can imagine, Twitter works better and more economically than any other available tool.

Twitter is amazing as its the most efficient mechanism I have ever seen to allow me to peruse the thoughtstreams of others who live all over the world. (Vivek Wadhwa – “Twitter and Me! Why It’s The Only Social Media Tool I Use”, TechCrunch)

It goes far beyond a change in technology. It is a paradigm shift.

Sergio Abranches

The audience has changed. It used to be a population of readers, mostly passive. Now it is a community of active information consumers, and they like it customized. Most read, aggregate, and add information on their own. Our world has changed.

This new treatment of the information one can get from multiple sources, through a multiplicity of media, even affects the frequency of comments on stories on blogs or journalistic sites. People will repeat, react, rephrase, review, remake on Twitter, Facebook or other social media, more frequently than on the comments window.

Maybe it is time we invert McLuhan’s phrase, “the media is the message.” Today, the message is shaping the media. The message is the media.

Think about Twitter: at the beginning it was nothing more than a different SMS. A 140 character media to convey rather simple, personal, or social messages. Users turned it into a powerful messaging device, a carrier of news and ideas. The ongoing conversation about the future of news is an outstanding example, but Twitter covers almost every possible area of interest with a mix of news, memes, opinion and research, all that in 140 characters plus the LINKS plus RT retwitting plus @reply.

This formula was concocted by active users exploring the possibilities and limits of the media, to spread the message. They invented RTs, and reinvented replies.The crucial difference that made this all possible? Twitter is open to experimentation, highly flexible within its boundaries. Your message is open to the public. You don’t address anyone in particular. Nobody has to ask permission to listen to you. Everybody can go to the public timeline and listen to what everyone else have to say.

If one likes what you’re saying, one will follow you. If one has something to say about it, one will @reply you. If one values what you’re saying, and wants to spread your saying, one will RT you. It’s all about actively shaping the media, and voluntary, free, social connectedness.

Journalism used to be an ecosystem made of writers and readers. This ecosystem is changing dramatically. Journalism is now embedded into a community where the definition of writers is being so enlarged to the point of becoming blurred. There are very few readers in it, meaning people who simply read and save their thoughts about the reading to themselves or a handful of friends. Even when someone shares ones thoughts only with a handful of friends, this sharing now often takes place online through social networking.

But this is less important than the fact one side of this ecosystem has totally changed. It has become a community connected through links set by purposeful preferences about information, knowledge, and entertainment. A community where role playing has radically changed.

Novel writers have become twitterers, and are sharing their own personal preferences, some of them very much revealing of their literary motivations. @GreatDismal (aka cyberwriter William Gibson) shows his attachment to Tokyo, his views on atemporality, gets intelligence for his new novel, reveals aesthetic preferences. @MargaretAtwood, talks about her travels, does social twittering, gets closer to her readers. In the Twittersphere they’re community members interacting at the same level of “social status” as their fans and readers. Some even have more followers than they do.

News writers talk about their angst about the future of news, do news criticism, get information, report the news, reply, RT. A journalist is no longer a solitary reporter, telling a story to a totally anonymous audience only to be reached through black and white printing. One is talking to a live public, who can reach back, react on real time, as fast as real time news reaches them. They can even Tweet an event, breaking news faster than the press. It has just happened again with the earthquake in Indonesia.

Roles are changing not because of the media, but because the audience, the Public, is changing. Besides, mainstream, professional journalists are no longer the only ones out there playing the role of news writing. This is a complication, because much of the information circulating in the Websphere is not properly verified. At the same time, however, “he says, she says” stories are plaguing the professional press, taking value and credibility from professional news writing.

Many are still caught by the wrong idea that the Websphere is about mega audiences. It is not. Unique visitors, page views, are all but numeric illusions. “Million uniques means little if the length of time visitors are on the site (aka, session time) is less than one minute without their returning back to visit. That’s like a million people driving by McDonald’s but never actually going into the restaurant,” says Patricia Handschiegel. “Page views”, she alerts, “can be (and very much are) gamed to create the appearance of more page views.”

So where those who understand that the audience is not in the traffic numbers should look for it? Her answer is “traffic does not mean there is an audience, at the end of the day, the audience is where the value is. Boasting giant page views and unique visitors means very little when those you are driving to the site are not sticking around, using it or returning.” They should generate value people are seeking when they’re browsing a newspaper or the blogosphere, or Twitter.

As Jay Rosen has argued, “in the age of mass media, the press was able to define the sphere of legitimate debate with relative ease because the people on the receiving end were atomized — meaning they were connected “up” to Big Media but not across to each other. But today one of the biggest factors changing our world is the falling cost for like-minded people to locate each other, share information, trade impressions and realize their number. Among the first things they may do is establish that the “sphere of legitimate debate” as defined by journalists doesn’t match up with their own definition.”

The audience is now a community, a volatile community that can follow, unfollow, block, get and delete RSS feeds. It goes far beyond buying or not buying a paper, paying or not for content, old vs new media. Value-added news and information continue to exist and to produce them there are golden rules that can only be broken at the cost of credibility. Demand for news is increasing, not decreasing. This is the better time ever to be a writer on the road.

We may be just stepping into a new world, one that could be the most literary time possible, as Russian writer Dostoevsky once said about another era of change. He wrote: “We are so divided; we thirst for moral conviction and direction. . . We can even see that we still need to do a great deal along these lines and that much in this sense is still to be done. That is why I think that the present time is the most literary time possible.”